Wed. Jul 3rd, 2024

Ah, the age-old question of morning vs. evening skincare. Which one is the better option for your skin? Well, the answer isn’t as simple as you might think. The time of day you choose to care for your skin can have a significant impact on its overall health and appearance. But which one is right for you? In this article, we’ll dive into the pros and cons of morning and evening skincare routines, and help you decide which one is the better option for your skin. So, whether you’re a morning person or a night owl, read on to find out which skincare routine will give you the best results.

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Skincare Routine

Time Availability

When deciding whether to prioritize morning or evening skincare, time availability is a crucial factor to consider. Many individuals lead busy lives and have limited time to devote to their skincare routine. Understanding the benefits and drawbacks of each routine can help individuals determine which one best fits their schedule.

Advantages of Morning Skincare

  1. Efficient use of time: Morning skincare allows individuals to start their day with a refreshed and revitalized complexion, making them feel more confident and ready to tackle their daily tasks.
  2. Skin preparation for the day: Applying sunscreen in the morning is essential to protect the skin from harmful UV rays, which can cause premature aging and skin cancer.
  3. Maximizing skin hydration: Applying a moisturizer in the morning can help lock in moisture and provide all-day hydration, which is especially important for individuals with dry or sensitive skin.

Disadvantages of Morning Skincare

  1. Takes away sleeping time: Some individuals may find that their morning skincare routine takes away valuable sleeping time, which can affect their overall health and well-being.
  2. Limited product penetration: Applying products in the morning may not allow for optimal absorption due to the natural oils produced by the skin during the night.

Advantages of Evening Skincare

  1. Revitalizes skin cells: Evening skincare provides an opportunity to nourish and revitalize skin cells, which can help improve the skin’s overall health and appearance.
  2. Skin detoxification: Evening skincare can help remove dirt, makeup, and other impurities that have accumulated throughout the day, allowing the skin to breathe and detoxify.
  3. Maximizes product penetration: Applying products in the evening can allow for better absorption due to the reduced production of natural oils on the skin’s surface.

Disadvantages of Evening Skincare

  1. Additional time required: Evening skincare may require more time and effort, which can be challenging for individuals with limited time availability.
  2. Skin preparation for the next day: Some individuals may find that their evening skincare routine takes away valuable time that could be spent preparing for the next day.

Overall, time availability is a crucial factor to consider when choosing between morning and evening skincare. While both routines have their advantages and disadvantages, individuals with limited time may find that morning skincare is a more practical option. However, those who can spare more time in the evening may benefit from a more comprehensive skincare routine that includes a variety of treatments and products.

Skin Type

When choosing between morning and evening skincare routines, your skin type is an essential factor to consider. Different skin types require different care and attention, and understanding your skin type can help you make the best decision for your skin.

  • Dry Skin: People with dry skin may benefit from a heavier, oil-based moisturizer in the morning to lock in hydration throughout the day. In the evening, a lighter, water-based moisturizer may be more appropriate to avoid clogging pores and causing breakouts.
  • Oily Skin: Those with oily skin may prefer a lighter, oil-free moisturizer in the morning to prevent excess oil production throughout the day. In the evening, a more nourishing, oil-based moisturizer can help to replenish and repair the skin without causing breakouts.
  • Combination Skin: Those with combination skin may need to tailor their skincare routine to their specific needs. In the morning, a lighter, oil-free moisturizer may be appropriate for oily areas, while a heavier, hydrating moisturizer may be better for dry areas. In the evening, a more nourishing, oil-based moisturizer can help to replenish and repair the skin without causing breakouts.
  • Sensitive Skin: People with sensitive skin may benefit from a skincare routine that is gentle and avoids irritants. In the morning, a light, fragrance-free moisturizer may be appropriate, while in the evening, a calming, hydrating moisturizer can help to soothe and repair the skin.

Understanding your skin type and tailoring your skincare routine accordingly can help to ensure that your skin is properly nourished and protected at all times.

Lifestyle and Environment

  • Lifestyle and environment play a significant role in determining the best time for your skincare routine.
  • Understanding how your lifestyle and environment affect your skin can help you choose the most appropriate skincare routine.
  • Here are some factors to consider:
    • Skin Type: If you have oily skin, it may be best to do your skincare routine in the morning to remove excess oil and prevent clogging of pores. On the other hand, if you have dry skin, doing your skincare routine at night can help lock in moisture and prevent dryness.
    • Schedule: If you have a busy schedule, doing your skincare routine in the morning may be more convenient as you can get it done before heading out the door. However, if you have more flexibility in your schedule, doing your skincare routine at night can be a relaxing way to wind down before bed.
    • Environment: If you live in a dry climate, doing your skincare routine at night may be more beneficial as the added moisture can help lock in hydration. On the other hand, if you live in a humid climate, doing your skincare routine in the morning can help prevent excess oil production and clogging of pores.
    • Hormonal Changes: Hormonal changes can affect your skin and may cause breakouts or dryness. If you experience hormonal changes, you may need to adjust your skincare routine accordingly. For example, doing your skincare routine at night may be more beneficial during hormonal changes to help lock in moisture and prevent dryness.
    • Exercise: If you exercise regularly, doing your skincare routine at night may be more beneficial as sweat and dirt can be washed away, and the added moisture can help lock in hydration. However, if you exercise in the morning, doing your skincare routine in the morning can help remove sweat and dirt before it accumulates.

Overall, considering your lifestyle and environment can help you determine the best time for your skincare routine. It is important to choose a routine that works best for your skin and lifestyle to achieve optimal results.

Benefits of Morning Skincare

Key takeaway: The best time for skincare depends on individual factors such as skin type, lifestyle, and environment. Morning skincare provides hydration and protection from environmental damage, while evening skincare promotes repair and absorption of active ingredients. Double cleansing and layering active ingredients can be effective techniques for customizing morning and evening skincare routines. Consistency is key to achieving healthy, glowing skin.

Hydration

When it comes to skincare, hydration is crucial for maintaining healthy and youthful-looking skin. Our skin is constantly exposed to environmental factors such as pollution, dust, and dry air, which can strip it of its natural moisture. Therefore, it is essential to replenish the moisture in our skin by using appropriate skincare products.

One of the benefits of morning skincare is that it allows you to hydrate your skin before it starts to lose its natural moisture throughout the day. When you wake up in the morning, your skin may feel dull and dehydrated, so it is important to apply a moisturizer that can help to lock in moisture and protect your skin from environmental stressors.

In addition to providing immediate hydration, morning skincare products can also help to prevent future moisture loss. Many morning skincare products contain ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, ceramides, and NMF (natural moisturizing factor) that can help to restore and maintain the skin’s natural moisture balance. These ingredients work by attracting and holding onto moisture in the skin, which can help to improve its overall texture and appearance.

Furthermore, morning skincare can also help to protect your skin from environmental stressors such as UV rays and blue light. Using a sunscreen in the morning can help to prevent photoaging and skin cancer, while using a product that contains blue light-blocking ingredients can help to protect your skin from the harmful effects of blue light emitted from electronic devices.

In conclusion, incorporating a morning skincare routine into your beauty regimen can provide numerous benefits for your skin, including immediate hydration and long-term moisture retention. By using appropriate products that contain beneficial ingredients, you can help to improve the overall health and appearance of your skin, leaving it looking and feeling its best throughout the day.

Prevention of Environmental Damage

The environment we live in can be detrimental to our skin. Pollution, dust, and UV rays can all cause damage to our skin and lead to premature aging, acne, and other skin concerns. However, morning skincare can help prevent environmental damage by providing an extra layer of protection to our skin before we go out into the world.

  • Use of Sunscreen: One of the most important steps in morning skincare is the use of sunscreen. It helps protect our skin from the harmful UV rays of the sun, which can cause sunburn, premature aging, and skin cancer.
  • Prevention of Dirt and Dust: Morning skincare also helps to remove any dirt and dust that may have accumulated on our skin overnight. This is especially important for those who live in areas with high levels of pollution, as the accumulation of dirt and dust can clog pores and lead to acne.
  • Hydration: Morning skincare also provides an opportunity to hydrate the skin. Our skin can become dehydrated overnight, and morning skincare can help to replenish moisture and prevent dryness.

Overall, morning skincare plays a crucial role in preventing environmental damage to our skin. By incorporating a thorough morning skincare routine, we can protect our skin from the harmful effects of the environment and keep it looking healthy and vibrant.

Brightening the Skin

Starting your day with a morning skincare routine can provide numerous benefits for your skin. One of the most significant advantages of morning skincare is that it can help brighten your skin, leaving you looking more refreshed and revitalized.

Here are some reasons why morning skincare is ideal for brightening your skin:

  • Moisturizing the Skin: When you wake up in the morning, your skin may feel dry and dehydrated. Using a moisturizer in the morning can help hydrate your skin, making it appear more radiant and healthy. Look for a moisturizer that contains SPF to protect your skin from the sun’s harmful rays.
  • Clarifying the Skin: Your skin may appear dull or congested from the buildup of dead skin cells, dirt, and oil. Using a gentle cleanser in the morning can help remove these impurities, leaving your skin looking brighter and more refreshed.
  • Toning the Skin: Toning your skin in the morning can help balance the pH of your skin, remove any remaining impurities, and prepare your skin for the rest of your skincare routine. Look for a toner that contains natural ingredients like witch hazel or rosewater to soothe and refresh your skin.
  • Exfoliating the Skin: Exfoliating your skin in the morning can help remove dead skin cells and reveal brighter, more even-toned skin. Look for a gentle exfoliator that contains natural ingredients like sugar or salt, or consider using a physical exfoliator like a facial brush or a face scrub.

By incorporating these steps into your morning skincare routine, you can help brighten your skin and leave you feeling more refreshed and revitalized for the day ahead.

Benefits of Evening Skincare

Repairing the Skin

The evening skincare routine is considered to be more beneficial for the skin as it allows for proper repair and restoration of the skin after a long day of exposure to environmental factors. During the night, the body goes through a natural repair process, and applying skincare products at this time can help maximize the benefits of this process.

One of the key benefits of evening skincare is that it helps to repair the skin’s barrier function. The skin’s barrier function is responsible for keeping the skin and its components in and keeping harmful substances out. The skin’s barrier function can be damaged by environmental factors such as pollution, sun exposure, and dryness, which can lead to irritation, redness, and other skin concerns. By using nourishing and restorative ingredients in the evening skincare routine, such as ceramides, hyaluronic acid, and vitamin E, the skin’s barrier function can be strengthened and repaired, leading to healthier, more resilient skin.

Another benefit of evening skincare is that it allows for deeper penetration of active ingredients. During the day, the skin is exposed to environmental factors that can cause damage and inflammation, which can reduce the effectiveness of skincare products. By applying products at night, when the skin is less active and more receptive, the active ingredients can penetrate deeper into the skin, leading to better results.

In addition to repairing the skin’s barrier function and allowing for deeper penetration of active ingredients, evening skincare can also help to reduce inflammation and redness. Inflammation and redness can be caused by a variety of factors, including environmental factors, stress, and poor lifestyle habits. By using calming and soothing ingredients in the evening skincare routine, such as chamomile, aloe vera, and lavender, the skin can be calm and soothed, leading to a more restful night’s sleep.

Overall, the benefits of evening skincare are numerous, and include repairing the skin’s barrier function, allowing for deeper penetration of active ingredients, and reducing inflammation and redness. By incorporating these benefits into your evening skincare routine, you can help to improve the health and appearance of your skin, leading to a more confident and radiant you.

Reducing Appearance of Fine Lines and Wrinkles

When it comes to anti-aging skincare, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles is a top priority for many. While there are various treatments available to address these concerns, incorporating evening skincare routine can be a simple and effective way to achieve this goal.

  • Hydration: One of the most important steps in reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles is keeping the skin well-hydrated. During the day, the skin is exposed to various environmental factors such as pollution, UV rays, and dryness, which can lead to dehydration. By using a moisturizer in the evening, you can help restore the skin’s natural balance and lock in moisture.
  • Retinoids: Retinoids are a group of topical vitamin A derivatives that have been shown to be effective in reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. They work by promoting cell turnover, reducing the appearance of hyperpigmentation, and increasing collagen production. Applying a retinoid-based product in the evening can help maximize its benefits, as the skin is more receptive to active ingredients at this time.
  • Exfoliation: Exfoliating the skin is essential for removing dead skin cells and revealing smoother, more radiant skin. While daily exfoliation is recommended, it is particularly important to do so in the evening to remove any dirt and debris that may have accumulated throughout the day. This can help prevent clogged pores and reduce the risk of breakouts.
  • Repairing damage: The skin goes through a natural repair process at night, and it is important to provide it with the necessary nutrients to support this process. Applying a product with antioxidants such as vitamin C or E can help protect the skin from free radicals and repair any damage caused by environmental factors during the day.

Overall, incorporating these steps into your evening skincare routine can help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, leaving your skin looking smoother and more youthful.

Improving Absorption of Active Ingredients

When it comes to skincare, timing is crucial. Many people believe that morning skincare is the best option, but evening skincare may offer more benefits, especially when it comes to improving the absorption of active ingredients.

Why does absorption matter?

Active ingredients are the key to effective skincare. These ingredients work to improve the health and appearance of your skin, but they need to be absorbed into your skin to be effective. If active ingredients are not absorbed properly, they may not have the desired effect.

How does evening skincare improve absorption?

There are several reasons why evening skincare may be better at improving the absorption of active ingredients.

  • Skin is more receptive in the evening

Your skin is more receptive to active ingredients in the evening, which means that they are more likely to be absorbed. This is because your skin has been exposed to the elements all day, and it is more open and receptive to the benefits of your skincare products.

  • Skin is less congested in the evening

Your skin is less congested in the evening, which means that active ingredients are more likely to be able to penetrate the skin and be absorbed. When your skin is congested, it can be harder for active ingredients to get through, which is why evening skincare may be more effective.

  • Skin is more hydrated in the evening

Your skin is more hydrated in the evening, which means that active ingredients are more likely to be absorbed. When your skin is hydrated, it is more receptive to the benefits of your skincare products.

Overall, these factors make your skin more receptive to the benefits of active ingredients in the evening, which is why evening skincare may be a better option for improving the absorption of these ingredients.

How to Incorporate Both Morning and Evening Skincare Routines

Double Cleansing

Double cleansing is a two-step skincare process that involves using two different types of cleansers to effectively remove dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin. The first cleanser is typically a water-based product that dissolves and removes surface-level dirt and oil, while the second cleanser is an oil-based product that penetrates deep into the pores to remove any remaining impurities and provide hydration to the skin.

By using a double cleansing routine, you can ensure that your skin is thoroughly clean and prepared for the next steps in your skincare routine. It is important to use different types of cleansers for the two steps to effectively remove all impurities and provide proper hydration to the skin. Double cleansing can be particularly beneficial for those with oily or acne-prone skin, as it helps to prevent clogged pores and breakouts.

Layering Active Ingredients

One effective way to incorporate both morning and evening skincare routines is by layering active ingredients. This method involves applying different skincare products in a specific order to maximize their benefits. By layering active ingredients, you can target various skin concerns, such as dullness, dryness, or sensitivity, and achieve a more effective skincare routine.

Here’s how to layer active ingredients in your morning and evening skincare routines:

  1. Cleanser
    • Start with a gentle, non-foaming cleanser to remove dirt, oil, and makeup.
    • Follow with a toner to balance the pH of your skin and prepare it for the next steps.
  2. Antioxidants
    • Apply a potent antioxidant serum, such as vitamin C or E, to neutralize free radicals and protect your skin from environmental stressors.
    • Consider adding additional antioxidants, like ferulic acid or green tea extract, to enhance their effectiveness.
  3. Hydrating Actives
    • Layer a hyaluronic acid or aloe vera gel to boost hydration and provide a barrier against moisture loss.
    • If your skin is sensitive or prone to redness, use a soothing, hydrating essence or mist.
  4. Skincare Devices
    • Utilize skincare devices, such as facial rollers or gua sha tools, to enhance absorption and promote lymphatic drainage.
    • Use these tools in the morning to wake up your skin and in the evening to wind down and relax.
  5. Moisturizer
    • Finish your morning routine with a lightweight, oil-free moisturizer that provides hydration without clogging pores.
    • At night, opt for a richer, more emollient moisturizer to nourish and repair your skin while you sleep.
  6. Spot Treatments
    • If you have specific skin concerns, such as acne or hyperpigmentation, apply spot treatments to target these areas.
    • Layer spot treatments with other active ingredients to maximize their effectiveness.
  7. Eye Treatments
    • Apply eye creams or serums targeted at your specific concerns, such as dark circles, puffiness, or fine lines.
    • Layer these products under your eye cream for enhanced results.

By layering active ingredients in your morning and evening skincare routines, you can customize your regimen to address your specific skin concerns and achieve a more effective, tailored skincare routine.

Customizing Your Routine

Customizing your skincare routine to suit your skin type and needs is crucial to achieving optimal results. Here are some tips to help you create a personalized morning and evening skincare routine:

  • Assess Your Skin Type: Understanding your skin type is the first step in creating a customized skincare routine. Factors such as age, ethnicity, and lifestyle can affect your skin type. It is essential to choose products that are appropriate for your skin type to ensure they are effective.
  • Identify Your Skin Concerns: Your skin concerns will determine the products you need to use in your skincare routine. For example, if you have acne-prone skin, you will need to use products that are oil-free and non-comedogenic. If you have dry skin, you will need to use moisturizers to hydrate your skin.
  • Choose the Right Products: Once you have identified your skin type and concerns, you can choose the right products for your skincare routine. It is essential to choose products that are gentle, effective, and safe for your skin.
  • Use the Right Order: The order in which you apply your skincare products can make a significant difference in their effectiveness. For example, you should always apply toner before moisturizer to ensure your skin is well-hydrated.
  • Be Consistent: Consistency is key when it comes to skincare. It is essential to use your skincare products regularly and consistently to see results. Try to develop a habit of following your skincare routine every morning and evening to maintain healthy and glowing skin.

By following these tips, you can create a customized morning and evening skincare routine that suits your skin type and needs. Remember, it may take some time to see results, so be patient and consistent with your skincare routine.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Can I skip one of the routines?

While maintaining a consistent skincare routine is essential for healthy and radiant skin, it’s not always feasible to follow both morning and evening skincare routines. However, it’s recommended to prioritize the most critical steps and adjust the routine as needed to suit individual needs. Here are some guidelines for deciding which routine to skip:

  • If you have sensitive skin or experience skin irritation, it’s best to avoid skipping either routine. Both morning and evening routines play a crucial role in protecting and nourishing the skin.
  • If you’re short on time, consider simplifying your routine by focusing on the most essential products and steps. This may include cleansing, toning, and moisturizing, or incorporating a few targeted treatments such as serums or spot treatments.
  • If you have combination or oily skin, you may find that skipping the morning routine is sufficient. However, it’s still important to cleanse and tone the skin in the evening to remove dirt and impurities and prepare the skin for overnight restoration.
  • If you have dry or mature skin, it’s essential to follow both morning and evening routines to ensure adequate hydration and nourishment. Skipping either routine may lead to dehydration and the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

In summary, while it’s possible to skip one of the routines, it’s essential to prioritize the most critical steps and adjust the routine as needed to suit individual needs. Consistency is key to achieving healthy and radiant skin, so it’s worth finding a routine that works for you and sticking to it.

Q: What if I have oily skin?

If you have oily skin, you may be wondering whether morning or evening skincare is the better option for you. The answer depends on several factors, including your skin type, your lifestyle, and your skincare goals.

Here are some key points to consider:

  • Skin Type: Oily skin is characterized by an overproduction of sebum, which can lead to acne, blackheads, and other skin concerns. If you have oily skin, you may benefit from a skincare routine that helps to control oil production and prevent clogged pores.
  • Lifestyle: If you have a fast-paced lifestyle, you may prefer to do your skincare in the morning so that you can start your day feeling refreshed and ready to go. On the other hand, if you have a more relaxed schedule, you may prefer to do your skincare in the evening as part of your bedtime routine.
  • Skincare Goals: If your main goal is to prevent acne and reduce oil production, you may want to focus on morning skincare. This is because your skin is more receptive to active ingredients in the morning, when it is less dehydrated and more responsive to treatment.
  • Hydration: Oily skin can also benefit from hydration, which can help to balance out the production of sebum and prevent dryness. If you are concerned about the drying effects of some skincare products, you may want to focus on using moisturizing ingredients and hydrating products in the evening.

Overall, the best time for skincare will depend on your individual skin type, lifestyle, and goals. By taking the time to understand your skin and choose the right products and routine, you can achieve healthy, glowing skin no matter what time of day you choose to do your skincare.

Q: Can I use the same products for both routines?

When it comes to skincare, there are different schools of thought regarding the best practices for morning and evening routines. Some people believe that it’s necessary to use different products for each routine, while others argue that the same products can be used for both. So, can you use the same products for both morning and evening skincare routines?

The answer is yes, you can use the same products for both routines. However, it’s important to keep in mind that the order in which you apply the products may differ depending on your skin type and needs. For example, if you have oily skin, you may want to apply a cleanser in the morning to remove any excess oil, and then again in the evening to remove dirt and debris. On the other hand, if you have dry skin, you may want to apply a moisturizer in the morning to hydrate your skin, and then again in the evening to lock in moisture.

It’s also important to consider the active ingredients in your products. Some ingredients, such as retinoids and vitamin C, are more effective when applied in the evening, as they can be more irritating to the skin and may cause more sensitivity in the morning. However, other ingredients, such as sunscreen, are more important in the morning to protect your skin from harmful UV rays.

In summary, while you can use the same products for both morning and evening skincare routines, it’s important to consider your skin type, needs, and the active ingredients in your products to ensure that you’re getting the most out of your skincare routine.

Making the Right Choice for Your Skin

Choosing the right skincare routine can be overwhelming, especially when deciding between morning and evening skincare. Both routines have their benefits, but the key is finding the right routine for your skin type. Here are some tips to help you make the right choice for your skin:

  1. Consider your skin type: Different skin types require different skincare routines. If you have oily skin, you may want to focus on morning skincare to remove excess oil and prevent clogged pores. If you have dry skin, you may want to focus on evening skincare to hydrate and nourish your skin.
  2. Determine your skin concerns: Identifying your skin concerns can help you choose the right skincare routine. For example, if you have acne-prone skin, you may want to focus on morning skincare to prevent breakouts. If you have aging skin, you may want to focus on evening skincare to promote cell turnover and hydration.
  3. Pay attention to your lifestyle: Your lifestyle can also play a role in determining the best skincare routine for you. For example, if you have a busy schedule, you may prefer a simple morning skincare routine that can be done quickly. If you have a more relaxed schedule, you may have more time to devote to an evening skincare routine.
  4. Experiment with different routines: Don’t be afraid to experiment with different skincare routines to find what works best for your skin. Try incorporating different products and techniques into your routine and pay attention to how your skin responds.

By considering your skin type, skin concerns, lifestyle, and experimenting with different routines, you can find the right skincare routine for your skin. Remember, the key is to be consistent and patient, as it may take some time to see results.

FAQs

1. What is the difference between morning and evening skincare routines?

The main difference between morning and evening skincare routines is the focus on different concerns. Morning skincare is generally focused on waking up the skin and preparing it for the day ahead, while evening skincare is focused on unwinding and repairing the skin after a long day.

2. Is it better to do a morning skincare routine or an evening skincare routine?

The best time for a skincare routine depends on your individual skin type and concerns. Some people may find that their skin is more receptive to active ingredients in the morning, while others may prefer to focus on hydration and repair at night. It’s important to experiment with different routines to find what works best for your skin.

3. What should be included in a morning skincare routine?

A morning skincare routine should include a cleanser to remove any dirt or impurities from the night, a toner to balance the skin’s pH and hydrate, a moisturizer to lock in moisture and provide SPF protection, and a lip balm to protect and hydrate the lips. You may also want to include a serum or eye cream to target specific concerns.

4. What should be included in an evening skincare routine?

An evening skincare routine should include a cleanser to remove makeup and dirt, a toner to hydrate and balance the skin’s pH, a serum or essence to provide active ingredients, a moisturizer to hydrate and repair the skin, and an eye cream to target the delicate skin around the eyes. You may also want to include a face mask or spot treatment to target specific concerns.

5. Can I do the same skincare routine in the morning and evening?

It’s generally recommended to have a slightly different skincare routine in the morning and evening to address different concerns. However, you can still have some overlap in your products, such as a moisturizer and lip balm. It’s important to listen to your skin and adjust your routine as needed.

What is the Perfect Morning Skin Care Routine? – Dr. Anthony Youn

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *